Nov 04 2009
Wordless Wednesday
Oct 31 2009
Bryn Alyn – an autumn walk
Off to Llanferres yesterday for an autumn walk through the woods, along the ridge and back again. You can see the route here:
View Bryn Alyn in a larger map
It’s a variant on a route in “Walking in the Clwydian Range” by Carl Rogers. A tiny domestic detail: whilst walking the Inelegant Gardener carries the guide book, preferring to navigate via prose and I carry the OS map – preferring maps. The track is from a Garmin GPS60, I don’t use it for navigation but to tag my photos with location information for which I’ve written a little program.
We last did this walk in May, but I committed a terrible faux pas: the battery on my camera went flat and for some reason I’d not brought a spare and had deliberately left behind my second camera and my phone (which also has a camera, which is really crap).
Beech trees were definitely the best for autumnal colours, although birch produces an attractive pointillist effect, sycamore seemed best for kicking through.
At the top of the initial climb there is a little bit of limestone pavement, this is most famously found above Malham Cove but it’s nice to find your own little patch.
For reasons I can’t explain I like the stray bits of ironwork left over from old fencing, parts of the Lake District are particularly good for this.
And to top it all off, a cow wearing a ginger wig:
This was one of many cows in a field we passed through, they were fine looking beef cows in a wide range of colours. We also had a “That’s no cow, it’s a bull” moment but I was reassured by remembering vaguely someone saying that you’re okay in a field with a load of cows and a bull because the last thing on the bull’s mind is going to be you. If this isn’t actually true then I’d prefer to be left in ignorance, if you don’t mind.
Oct 30 2009
Professor Nutt and the classification of harm through the misuse of drugs
The sacking of Professor Nutt (now ex-head of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs) by the Home Secretary Alan Johnson, has been in the news today. The immediate cause of his sacking appears to have been this recently published paper which was originally presented as the “2009 Eve Saville Memorial Lecture” at the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies at King’s College in July 2009. The lecture appears to have been a policy discussion based in part on his classification of relative drug harm which was first published in The Lancet in 2007:
Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse, David Nutt, Leslie A King, William Saulsbury, Colin Blakemore, The Lancet, vol. 369, (2007), p1047-1053.
This is done iteratively using what is called a ‘delphic process’, the experts make their initial numerical assessments independently in an initial round, but can then modify those assessments once they have seen and discussed the assessments made by others. Once they have reached some pre-determined finishing criteria they combine the average scores for each area to produce an overall measure of harm. They are pre-warned of the substances in question so they can go read up on them. The rankings of the two separate groups appeared to be very much in agreement. The resulting mean harm scores for the twenty substances are shown in the following graph:
The interesting thing about this group is that tobacco and alcohol (which I’m currently enjoying in the form of fine Chardonnay) are found in the middle of the range, below heroin and cocaine but above cannabis and Ectasy. A statement which in part has earnt Professor Nutt his dismissal.
Now you could argue that “The Lancet” paper is flawed, and Professor Nutt makes suggests for improvements in methodology, but the thing is: there is no competition. Current drug classifications into A, B and C are not made on an assessment of harm based on any published or transparent criteria. If Alan Johnson wants to argue that Professor Nutt is wrong on his evaluation of the relative harm of drugs he should do so on the basis of a transparent evaluation process not because he just doesn’t like the advice he’s been given.
Though I have not focussed on it in this post, the Eve Saville lecture includes this assessment of harm along with a discussion of other issues including the media reporting of deaths through drug misuse. It does also include some support for elements of government policy on drugs, in particular he says:
One thing this government has done extremely well in the last ten years is to cut away much of the moral argument about drug treatments. They have moved in the direction of improving access to harm reduction treatments, an approach that, I think, is wholly endorsed by the scientifi c community and by the medical profession.
Update
1st November 2010: Professor Nutt has published an improved version of this study in The Lancet (pdf), the process used is a little different and an attempt has been made to improve the relative weight given to different harms. This revised study finds that heroin, crack cocaine and metamfetamine most harmful to individual users and alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine most harmful to others.
Oct 30 2009
Who Dr.?
After the big and shiny experience as an undergraduate I went off to do a PhD., to make me into a Dr. This was something I’d intended to do since a visit to the Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Centre as a school student; there we were shown around the labs and I was convinced that a career in science without a PhD. was going to be a serious uphill struggle involving the cleaning of much lab glassware.
The exact nature of a PhD. varies from country to country and from subject to subject. In the UK a PhD. in physical chemistry is typically 3 years long and the supervisor will usually have a big say in what the student does.
I did my PhD. at Durham University in the Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Polymer Science, supervised by Prof. Randal Richards. Prime motivation for this particular PhD. was the cash, it was funded by Courtaulds Plc and paid a research assistant salary. It also got me back to more big and shiny science, in the form of the neutron source at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory (RAL) and with the added benefit that a very skilled technician made my polymers for me. This was good because I’ve never been “at one” with synthetic chemistry, the untidiness of the process didn’t suit my temperament. Apocryphally the start of polymer science was a bit slow because the early polymer synthesisers couldn’t crystallise their material, this led to much derision from other synthetic chemists who made lovely crystals from their materials, rather than black sludge that polymer scientists made. The molecular nature of polymers wasn’t appreciated until the 1920’s which is really rather recent.
So for 3 years I slaved away: I prepared samples – spinning thin films onto lumps of shiny flat silicon, I went down to the RAL for 48 hour experimental runs, I wrote FORTRAN programs do do data analysis, I read journal articles, I attended conferences, made posters and gave presentations. I observed, from a small distance, the activities of synthetic chemists.
The chap over the desk from me was a historical re-enacter, I watched as he made his own chain-mail.
It was whilst I was writing my thesis, entitled “Surface composition profiles in some polymer mixtures”, that I first met with the elephant of despair. The elephant of despair lived in the library, he was made of a transparent material so you could scarcely see him and he was only about 6 inches tall. He stood in the gaps between the journals, waiting for when I would arrive to find an article and discover on the way a paper published 10 years ago which captured most of what I’d slaved over for the last three years. His plaintive trumpeting has haunted me on and off through the years.
I think the day I decided I wasn’t going to make an effort to get “Dr.” onto all my paperwork was the day I was in the bank the man in front of me was having a lengthy discussion with the cashier because the printed numbers in his saving book did not line up with the ruled lines. After he’d left the cashier turned to her colleague and said: “He had to complain, he was a doctor”. As it stands the only people who call me “Dr Hopkinson” are my parents, one of my credit cards and the odd polite student.
For reasons I don’t understand medical doctors appear to refer to PhD’s as “proper doctors”, whilst I’ve always considered myself a bit of fraud since I was not a “proper doctor” – who could potentially save your life. Perhaps they’re just being polite.
And now I’m nearly a PhD. grandfather, I supervised three PhD. students of my own and one of these has a student who is about to do her viva. I don’t have children, but I feel very ‘parental’ about my students – I’m immensely proud of them and their achievements.